SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding
In every development, especially in construction companies, surely a tool is needed to facilitate and for the safety of every worker so that safety is guaranteed, the company needs tools that can be used to work at heights and are able to ensure the safety of their workers. For this reason, a tool called the Gunanusa Utama Fabricaturs scaffolding was built Nugroho (2011). According to Permenaker & trans No.PER-01/MEN/1980 in Nugroho (2011) Regarding occupational safety and health in building construction, scaffolding is a platform that is made temporarily and used as a support for workers, materials and tools in every building construction work, including maintenance and demolition work.
Scaffolding consists of a series or components arranged in a vertical or horizontal direction and used for temporary purposes. Basically scaffolding functions as follows:
- Foundation for workers in carrying out work
- Formwork supports or supports
- Modular scaffold is a scaffolding in which all the equipment is fabricated, including the cross frame
- Frame scaffold is a scaffolding frame that is made in a factory including a cross frame and its accessories
- Independent scaffold is a scaffolding equipped with two or more poles connected to each other transversely and longitudinally
- Hanging scaffold is an Independent scaffolding that is hung on one of the fixed structures and cannot be lifted and lowered
- Mobile scaffold is a scaffolding that stands alone and can move and is equipped with wheels at the bottom of the pole
- Single pole scaffold is a scaffolding consisting of a row of poles connected to a ledger, the putlog tied to the ledger and reinforced on one of the walls of a fixed structure or building.
- Tube scaffold is a scaffolding that uses pipes as poles, cross frames, fasteners and others, which are connected with clamps.
- Scaffolding Overhead is a scaffolding that is installed at a certain height on the outside of a building that is built up or down that stands alone with the help of crutches.
a. Spur scaffold Scaffolding which is not installed from the base but starts from a height that is on the outside of the building assisted by support rods from below.
b. Cantilever Scaffold Scaffolding which is supported by a structure (cantilever), with a lever-like working principle.
c. Drop Scaffold Scaffolding made because it is not possible to build other types of scaffolding. Designed as a type of medium load scaffolding equipped with 3 lifts attached to the bottom.
Use of scaffolding
Scaffolding is made and used as a tool to keep people working and materials / goods that are above a height from falling and also to facilitate work, especially those that are above heights. Usually also used as a support for an unfinished building (Gunanusa Utama Fabricators in Nugroho, 2011). According to (Alkon in Nugroho 2011) the most important things that must be done in the use of scaffolding are:
- The load force distribution for the scaffold must be even, to prevent hazards and maintain balance
- In the use of scaffolding, care must be taken that the load / load force does not exceed the specified capacity (over loaded).
- Scaffolds may not be used to store materials (materials) except for materials that will be used/installed immediately
- Employees should not work near scaffolding during high winds
- Big stylistic surprises should not be imposed on scaffolding
Scaffolding Installation and Dismantling Procedure
All scaffolding systems must be inspected by HSE inspectors prior to use in the workplace to ensure compliance with safety requirements. He must carry out weekly inspections on site of all scaffolds, he must also record the results of the inspections, placing a label (tagging system) on each scaffold to identify safe and unsafe scaffolds.
HSE (scaffolding) Inspectors must report to Yard Supervisor/Manager and HSE Coordinator regarding safe scaffolding. The following are general requirements that must be addressed when planning and installing scaffolding:
- The height of the scaffolding system must be no more than 3 lifts above the ship's deck (when erecting the scaffolding on the Client's ship)
- Scaffolding is required whenever working on top where it cannot be done safely when using stairs
- The scaffold and its components will without collapsing, can carry at least 4 times the maximum permissible workload. Don't Overload
- Use of non-vertical scaffolding is prohibited
- The material of the scaffold used must be in good condition and checked regularly
- It is not allowed to remove part of the scaffold without prior approval
- The scaffolding platform will not lean on or hang on the fence which can be moved easily
- Ladders and other devices for gaining height must not be used on platform scaffolding
- Scaffolds shall be constructed on a flat surface capable of supporting the maximum intended weight.
- For scaffolds to be erected on lattices, standards must be layered to distribute weight
- Weather protection, such as sheets/netting will not be attached to the height of the scaffold unless it is secured by an independent structure capable of withstanding the workers by the wind
- Proper installation and dismantling of scaffolding must be carried out only by approved scaffolders who have valid certificates, and non-qualified personnel may not erect or dismantle scaffolding
- All scaffolding must be equipped with handrails to ensure safety at height to prevent personnel from falling
How to connect scaffolding
The following will briefly explain how to set up scaffolding and how to connect it as follows:
- Determining the location of the scaffolding or adjusting the distance of the scaffolding, such as the beam axle in the beam formwork
- Install the base plate or jack base on a stable foundation
- Setting the frame
- Followed by installing cross braces on both sides so that the scaffolding elements can stand up properly
- Then arrange the next vertical frame or finish with the installation of the shoring head if the height of the scaffold is considered sufficient, meaning that the height can be done by adjusting the jack and u-head
- The height of the scaffolding is adjusted according to the planned formwork height
The height of a certain frame is in accordance with the type of production, while the height of the formwork or concrete base to the scaffolding is also certain, according to the design and local conditions. To meet the required ceiling height, it can be adjusted in several ways as follows:
- Determine the thickness of the concrete screed where the jack base stands
- Adjust base jack and u-head jack with existing thread
- Arrange vertical frames, and or add adjustable frames according to the required height
- Base and u-head thread length
Scaffolding Requirements
Scaffolding is temporary in a building construction but must have basic technical requirements. These requirements aim to support efforts to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of building construction work. The demands and requirements carried out by scaffolding are as mentioned below:
- All scaffolding and supports must be able to support the load according to their design with a safety factor of not less than 4
- Avoid the occurrence of warping and not deformed / damaged
- Scaffolding must be maintained and in a safe condition. Any broken, burnt or otherwise damaged components must be replaced
- Unstable objects such as drums, boxes, cans should not be used as a work floor (platform) or a support for the work floor
- Scaffolding in the installation, removal, disassembly, changes / modifications must be under the supervision of competent personnel
- Welding, heating, riveting or work with open fire (open frame) should not be carried out on suspended staging using fiber rope where the fiber rope will be easily damaged by hot work
- Lifting bridles on the working floor hanging from the crane must have 4 legs so that the stability of the working floor is guaranteed
- If the crane hook has a safety latch, the lifting bridles on the working floor hanging from the crane must be attached with a shackle to the lifting block, in other words, precautions must be taken to prevent the danger of falling from the crane hook.
Potential hazard
Scaffolding or staging has a potential hazard to workers when entering or leaving it. To be safe scaffolding must be made of special materials that are allowed. Prevention of fall hazards must be carried out on workers above, including prevention of falling objects. The following are potential hazards to scaffolding:
- Failure of staging components or excessive load may result in complete or partial collapse of the unit causing the worker to fall
- Workers fall from staging due to weak reinforcement side
- Objects fall from staging and injure workers below
- Surge (e.g. movement of work floor) when working with floating scaffolding
- The worker on the scaffolding fell to the floor below it
- Objects fall from scaffolding and hit workers below
Scaffolding Safety Procedures
According to Gunanusa Utama Fabricators in Nugroho (2011) The procedures that must be carried out to avoid the danger of accidents on the scaffolding must be carried out properly, and adhered to for everyone who works using scaffolding, or for the scaffolding itself. In order that the process of erecting and using scaffolding is safe and there are no accidents for workers working on/above the scaffolding, scaffolding safety procedures must be applied. These procedures include:
- wear neat work clothes, not too tight or too loose
- wear a safety helmet
- wear safety shoes
- wear leather gloves
- wearing a scaffolding key sheath (scaffold key house)
- wear full body harness
Scaffolder Terms
According to Alkon in Nugroho (2011) Scaffolder is someone who already has scaffolding certification, and is allowed to erect scaffolding. A Scaffolder must have healthy physical requirements, high mental and courage, discipline and responsibility in carrying out his work not easily nervous / nervous when he is above heights and not careless. The requirements that must be possessed by a Scaffolder, which itself must be in a good category, are:
1. Physical
- Have normal health, which is stated by a doctor's certificate
- Do not have physical and mental disabilities
- Can distinguish colors / clear vision (not color blind)
- Not nervous and careless
- Have good hearing
2. Mental
- Don't have a mental disability
- Can read and write
- Have a good perception
- Can concentrate well
- It's not easy to be nervous (nervous) when you're at a height
- Already used to being on high
- Can work with other people
- Have a strong leadership spirit
3. Attitude
- Can control emotions
- Be patient and calm in any condition
- Not careless and have calculations
- Discipline, diligent and responsible
4. Morals
- Good character, good character
- A role model for other colleagues
- Regulation 1003
Certificate of competence is a guide in carrying out scaffolding work. - Regulation 1004
Personnel who do not have a certificate can carry out scaffolding work under the supervision of a certified scaffolder, the person concerned may not supervise more than 4 (four) people who are not certified.
Equipment for a Scaffolder includes:
- scaffolding tagging
- Scaffolding wrench (ratchet wrench)
- Full body harness
- Meter
- Level meter/Water fit to stabilize scaffolding
- Tang
Duties of a Scaffolder
According to Gunanusa Utama Fabricators in Nugroho (2011) A Scaffolder has tasks in the field that must be carried out in order to avoid accidents arising from scaffolding, including:
- Checking scaffolding materials or materials for damage or defects that are not fit for use
- Check the completeness of scaffolding equipment, safety devices. such as: seat belts, safety nets, etc
- Carry out safe work methods and procedures for workers using scaffolds made by scaffolding experts (Scaffolder)
- Help provide direction to workers to use efficient working time, scope and apply work procedures that have been set, especially for work with scaffolding
- Taking care of the scaffolding and its parts so that it can still be used, the scaffold operator only carries out the installation, maintenance and dismantling based on the design or design made by the supervisor / expert in the scaffolding field. The obligations of a Scaffolder according to Gunanusa Utama Fabricators in Nugroho, (2011) in carrying out their duties are:
a. It is forbidden to leave the area while the scaffolding is being used by workers
b. Conduct inspections and observations of the condition/supporting ability and maintain scaffolding parts such as: standart, ledger, transom, base plate, plank and joint pin
c. Operators must fill in the scaffold maintenance diary
d. If the scaffolding and its parts are not functioning properly / damaged, the operator must immediately repair and or stop the work and immediately report to the supervisor or the authorized expert, in this case the scaffolding inspector.
Responsibilities of a scaffolder
According to Gunanusa Utama Fabricators in Nugroho (2011) The things that are the obligations of a scaffolder in carrying out their duties are:
- It is forbidden to leave the area while the scaffolding is being used by workers
- Conduct inspections and observations of the condition/supporting ability and maintain scaffolding parts such as standard, ledger, transom, base plate, plank and joint pins
- Operators must fill in the scaffold maintenance diary
- If the scaffolding and its parts are not functioning properly / damaged, the operator must immediately repair and or stop the work and immediately report to the supervisor or the authorized expert, in this case the scaffolder inspector.
