LANDSCAPING
What is Landscape?
Basically, garden design (landscape), as well as in building design, is the arrangement and expression of the design elements themselves. The design elements consist of points, lines, shapes, patterns, colors, textures, sounds, smells and motions. The character or nature inherent in garden elements is arranged based on design principles. According to Ashihara (1996)In garden design, it is necessary to select and arrange in detail the elements, so that the garden can be functional and aesthetic. Garden elements can be classified into 3 categories, namely:
- Based on the basic type of element;
- Based on the impression
- Based on possible changes.
For the first category (by type), garden elements are divided into two types, namely natural elements (created by Allah) and non-natural elements (man-made). Meanwhile, for the second category (based on impressions), garden elements are divided into two types, namely soft elements (soft material), seperti tanaman, air, satwa dan elemen keras (hard material), seperti paving, pagar, patung, pergola, bangku taman, kolam dan lampu taman.
Landscape Elements
Landscape supporting elements can be divided into two types, namely according to (Handayani, 2009): soft element (softscape) and hard elements (hardscape). Soft elements are supporting elements which are usually vegetation, such as trees, shrubs and grasses. The use of plants plays a very important role in the results of the arrangement of a landscape. The plant element has several distinctive properties that distinguish it from other elements. The most important and prominent characteristic is that plants are living and growing elements. With such characteristics, there are several things that must be considered. First, plants are dynamic elements, changing from time to time, in terms of size, texture, leaf density and overall character according to the nature of their growth. Second, this dynamic quality has implications for the use of plants in landscape planning. Characteristics of plants display the characteristics and shapes of plants consisting of: size, shape, color and texture of plants. Each of these characteristics directly affect the results of landscape arrangement.
Softscape Elements
According to Judge (1991), softscape elements depend on architectural or visual artistic aspects, namely:
- Scene controller;
- Physical barriers;
- climate control;
- Protection from erosion;
- Aesthetic value giver.
- The crown is the overall shape and certain maximum width of the twigs and leaves of a plant.
- Plant structure is the form of plants that are visible as a whole.
- Trees are woody plants that usually have a single trunk and are characterized by very high growth reaching more than 8 m.
- Shrubs are short woody plants with stems that are stiff and strong enough to support plant parts. Shrubs are usually divided into three groups, namely low shrubs, medium shrubs, and tall shrubs.
- Shrubs are characterized by stems that are the same size and equal. In general, this plant has a height below 8 m.
- Vines (lianas) are characterized by stems that are not woody and not strong enough to support the rest of the plant.
- Plants with little secondary tissue or no wood, but can stand upright, such as Herbs, Terna, Bryoids and Succulents. The sizes are divided by height.
- Floor plants (ground cover), plants that form the impression of the floor, are used as ground cover in the garden.
- Wall plants, are plants that form the impression of a wall, divided into:
a. Plants that form low walls, ie plants that are ankle-high to knee-high.
b. Plants that form a medium wall, ie plants that are knee-high to body-high like a large bush and shrub.
c. Plants that form high walls, namely plants that are up to several meters high.
d. Boundary, directing and view-forming plants are types of plants in the form of trees or shrubs that function as barriers to unfavorable views, guiding movement for road users to a certain destination.
e. Directional plants, windbreaks and windbreaks are types of plants that function as guides, retainers and windbreaks, can be in the form of trees or shrubs. - Roofing or shade plants, are types of tree-shaped plants with branches that are more than 2 meters high.
- Space-filling plants are plants that have attractive colors on flowers, leaves, bark or branches, and are beautifully titled.
Hardscape Elements
Hardscape elements consist of 10 criteria, namely:
- Rock
Rocks are not good when placed in the middle of the garden, should be placed slightly aside or in one corner of the garden - Gazebo
A gazebo is a shade building or a small house in a garden that serves as a place to rest and enjoy the garden - Pool
Pools are often combined with rock cliffs with water games that add to the dynamic impression. The pool will appear alive when there is water play in it. - cliff
Cliffs are made to give a natural impression, cliffs are made with the intention of hiding the massive slippery parapet wall, so as not to dazzle when the sun shines all day. - Road
The path is made so that the maintenance of the garden does not damage the grass and plants, besides that the path serves as an element of variety of garden supporting elements. - Pavement
Pavement is intended for pedestrians (pedestrians) or as a barrier. - Lamp
Garden lights function as garden lights and as an aesthetic value. - Fence
fences are required to be close to harmony, at least following the following criteria:
a. Maximum height of 1.2 m invisibility area of 60%, massive plane as high as 0.5 m from the page surface.
b. Equalization of heights to achieve a rhythmic pattern.
c. Translucent field as an application to environmental control, occupant order and the nature of openness, friendliness to the environment. - Pergola
Related to pergolas are frames made to support and propagate plants (must be strong and neat). - Building
Buildings or buildings in the park, then what needs to be understood is as follows:
a. Between the building and the outer space there must be a unified appearance.
b. Understanding the values of shapes and lines in buildings to align them with the appearance of the landscape.
c. Understanding the parts of the building in relation to landscaping, because landscaping does complement the function and aesthetics of the building so that it is good to look at both from the outside and from the inside of the building.
d. Utilizing parts of the building in a landscape appearance so that there is really no separation between the building and the outside space.
- Based on Visual Architectural and Artistic Aspects (Hakim, 1991), that is :
a. Scene controller;
b. Physical barriers;
c. climate control;
d. Protection from erosion;
e. Aesthetic value giver. - Based on the shape of the crown and the structure of the plant (DPU, 1996; Laurie, 1986 and Djuwita, 2007)), that is :
a. Trees are woody plants that usually have a single trunk and are characterized by very high growth reaching more than 8 m.
b. Shrubs are short woody plants with stems that are stiff and strong enough to support plant parts. c. Shrubs are usually divided into three groups, namely low shrubs, medium shrubs, and tall shrubs.
c. Shrubs are characterized by stems that are the same size and equal. In general, this plant has a height below 8 m.
d. Vines (lianas) are characterized by stems that are not woody and not strong enough to support the rest of the plant.
e. Plants with little secondary tissue or no wood, but can stand upright, such as Herbs, Terna, Bryoids and Succulents. The sizes are divided by height. - Based on Shaper and Ornamental Space (Djamal, 2005 and DPU, 1996), that is :
a. Floor plants (ground cover), plants that form the impression of the floor, are used as ground cover in the garden.
b. Wall plants, are plants that form the impression of a wall, divided into:
1). Plants that form low walls, ie plants that are ankle-high to knee-high.
2). Plants that form a medium wall, ie plants that are knee-high to body-high like a large bush and shrub.
3). Plants that form high walls, namely plants that are up to several meters high.
4). Boundary, directing and view-forming plants are types of plants in the form of trees or shrubs that function as barriers to unfavorable views, guiding movement for road users to a certain destination.
5). Directional plants, windbreaks and windbreaks are types of plants that function as guides, retainers and windbreaks, can be in the form of trees or shrubs.
c. Roofing or shade plants, are types of tree-shaped plants with branches that are more than 2 meters high.
d. Space-filling plants are plants that have attractive colors on flowers, leaves, bark or branches, and are beautifully titled.
- Rock
Rocks are not good when placed in the middle of the garden, should be placed slightly aside or in one corner of the garden - Gazebo
A gazebo is a shade building or a small house in a garden that serves as a place to rest and enjoy the garden - Pool
Pools are often combined with rock cliffs with water games that add to the dynamic impression. The pool will appear alive when there is water play in it. - cliff
Cliffs are made to give a natural impression, cliffs are made with the intention of hiding the massive slippery parapet wall, so as not to dazzle when the sun shines all day. - Road
The path is made so that the maintenance of the garden does not damage the grass and plants, besides that the path serves as an element of variety of garden supporting elements. - Pavement
Pavement is intended for pedestrians (pedestrians) or as a barrier. - Lamp
Garden lights function as garden lights and as an aesthetic value. - Fence
fences are required to be close to harmony, at least following the following criteria:
a. Maximum height of 1.2 m invisibility area of 60%, massive plane as high as 0.5 m from the page surface.
b. Equalization of heights to achieve a rhythmic pattern.
c. Translucent field as an application to environmental control, occupant order and the nature of openness, friendliness to the environment. - Pergola
Related to pergolas are frames made to support and propagate plants (must be strong and neat). - Building
Buildings or buildings in the park, then what needs to be understood is as follows:
a. Between the building and the outer space there must be a unified appearance.
b. Understanding the values of shapes and lines in buildings to align them with the appearance of the landscape.
c. Understanding the parts of the building in relation to landscaping, because landscaping does complement the function and aesthetics of the building so that it is good to look at both from the outside and from the inside of the building.
d. Utilizing parts of the building in a landscape appearance so that there is really no separation between the building and the outside space.
