CONVENTIONAL HAND EQUIPMENT
Main Equipment
The main equipment, namely the basic equipment of woodworking, where this tool must be owned by every carpenter so that the process of wood construction work can be carried out. The equipment included in this main equipment category are:
- Wood saws
- Wooden Crab
- Wood Chisel
- Wooden Axe
Wood saws
The wood saw is used to divide wood into several parts for various purposes. Basically, wood saws are divided into two main types, namely cutting saws and splitting saws. These two types of saws need to be distinguished because the function of the blade is different due to the nature of the wood fibers arranged in the longitudinal direction of the wood. Thus the function of the cutting saw must be able to break the wood fibers arranged in the longitudinal direction of the wood, thus having implications for the direction of the arrangement of the saw blades. From that it is possible to make various models of saw blades that are able to carry out the function of the blade effectively and efficiently. Likewise for the split saw, according to the position of the wood grain in the longitudinal direction, the process of splitting the wood no longer cuts the fiber, but scrapes the wood fiber to release it, this is what requires the position of the split saw blade to be adjusted in such a way so that the function of the slitting saw is to cut the fiber. wood works fine.
Besides these two types of wood saws, there are other types of saws that are made for special needs, such as Back Saws, skew saws, curved saws, frame saws etc. Back saws are required for cutting wood with a high degree of precision, with very fine blade incisions, often used for adjusting construction joints for high precision or high accuracy of joints. Pay attention to a brief review of the various Wood saws below this :
As previously explained, the wood cutting saw functions to cut the wood fibers in a perpendicular direction from the fibers as shown in the following figure. see Image 1.
Image 1. The job of cutting is seen from the direction of the wood grain
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
Thus, a saw blade is needed that can cut the wood fiber properly, for that based on the results of studies and research on the behavior of the fiber, the cutting saw is designed in the form of a row of triangles with very sharp upright sides of the triangle alternating the direction of the left and right sides. saw blade, as shown in the following figure.
Image 2. Examples of Cutting Saw Blade Specifications
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
The standard sizes of saw blade lengths are 10, 12, and 14 inches, with 7 blades per 1 inch. The saw blade is shaped and sharpened with a saw blade file that has an angle between the sides of 600 with an angle of 80 degrees from the horizontal line of the top of the blade, see image 2.
In connection with the wood grain is not always straight and parallel, especially the part of the wood that is close to the eye of the knuckle, where the wood grain tends to be irregular, if it is split with an ax it will not produce an even and straight split, therefore the function of the splitting saw is very important. for the purpose of the said work. Thus the split saw serves to split the wood in the direction of the wood grain by forming a straight line, See image 1.
Image 1. Wood Splitting Job Position
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
In accordance with the function of the slicing saw is to split the wood parallel to the direction of the grain, the blade needed for this function is not cutting the fiber again, but is to scrape or slash the wood in the direction of the fiber, therefore the blade is not on the left or right side of the saw leaf, but must be on the top side or the top of the saw blade, as shown in Figure 2 below.
Image 2. An Example of the Working Process of a Cleavage Saw
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
Image 2. also explains how the saw blade looks from the top side of the saw blade complete with the direction of the blade sweeping left and right alternately by bending the tip of the eye each ± of the thickness of the saw blade. However, the amount of this slicing will depend on the type of wood to be split, for soft wood, more removal is needed, because to overcome the saw blades being pinched by the fibers during sawing. More detailed specifications regarding the angle of sharpening and slicing the blade of this split saw blade can be seen in the following picture Image 3.
Image 3. Example of Splitting Saw Specification
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
The basic shape of the saw blade is the same as that of a cutting saw, including that the standard blade sizes are 10, 12, and 14 inches. The eye shape is relatively the same (similar) but the eye size is relatively smaller (10 points per inch). The angle of inclination of the triangular blade is 750 to the horizontal line of the top of the triangle with a sharpening angle of 900 to the side of the saw blade.
Back saws are usually small with thin leaves. This saw is used for fine work. The sawtooth is finer and the leaf ridges are reinforced with a U-shaped steel or copper frame. Back saws are generally used on a work bench. The back saw must be able to cut across and in the direction of the wood grain, therefore the shape of the teeth is between the cutting saw and the splitting saw with a more tilt angle. Image 1 following
Image 1. Examples of Back Saws and their uses
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
Back saw length between 205 s.d. 350 mm by 13 s.d. 15 PPI. Named back saw because of the steel back mounted on the saw blade. The number of tooth tips at each length of 25 mm is 12 to 14. Back saws are used for small and fine work, joint construction adjustment work that must be made carefully and tightly. There are several models of back saws, including as shown in image 2 following
Image 2. Ordinary Back Saw and Reversible Saw
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
This saw is used for special needs, such as for repairing holes or making holes in the shape of a square, round or circular hole, or other special shapes, the shape of the skew saw can be seen in Fig. Image 1 following
Image 1. Examples of Piercing Saws / Compass Saws
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
The span saw is used to cut wood into the required shape and size. The span saw consists of a steel leaf with gums that have been filed. The leaves are firmly attached to the wooden handle by means of a steel hook, for details, see Figure 1 below.
Image 1. Example of a Spliced Saw
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
This saw functions as an ordinary split saw, but the results are faster than ordinary split saws, this is due to the length of the blade which will cut the wood longer, so that the process of completing the task of splitting wood is faster and easier. However, the dimensions of the wood that can be cut with this saw are limited, largely determined by the width of the available saw blade space, usually the maximum width is only 15 cm. In the use of this saw, it is different from an ordinary hand saw, because the worker must stand on the wood that is on the work bench and be pushed up and down by standing while bending over. The disadvantage of using this span saw is that if you work for too long, the worker's waist can hurt, besides if it's not normal, the saw can bend, but for craftsmen who are used to using this span saw, it can be better and faster.
This curved saw is in principle the same as a span saw which consists of a steel blade with almost the same teeth as a span saw, but with a blade width that is smaller or thinner, which is ideally 7-12 mm wide. This tool serves to make curved or circular shapes from the workpiece (see for details). Image 1 following
Image 1. Example of a curved saw
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
Crab
Crabs are a tool used to clean, straighten, level, and smooth the surface of wood or form pieces of wood into certain shapes by shaving the wood surface in such a way. Judging from the materials and materials for making the crab body, the crabs can be divided into two types, namely: Ketam berbadan kayu and Ketam berbadan logam.
The wooden body crab is a traditional crab that has been used by carpenters in the countryside for a long time. The body of the crab is rectangular and made of selected wood, namely hard and clay wood. The bottom of the crab (crab chest) is made straight and flat and smooth because it functions as a guide for the eyes of the crab so that the shrinkage is even and constant. In the center of the crab's body, a rectangular hole is made to place the eyes of the crab.
The size of the crab body length ranges from 10 s.d. 50 cm according to the needs and functions of the crab. Hand crabs can basically be classified into three categories, namely long crabs with sizes ranging from 40-50 cm, peeling crabs (medium) with sizes ranging from 25-35 cm, and short crabs (frog crabs) with sizes ranging from 12-20 cm. Some models of wooden crabs are shown as Image 1 following
Image 1. Example of a wooden crab
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
Wooden crabs have the advantage of being lighter than iron crabs, and usually when used, they are more slippery to slide over the planed wood surface, but the weakness of wooden crabs is that the surface of the crabbed is easy to scratch and the pegs or wedges of the crab's eyes are often damaged and broken due to improper adjustment of the crabs. Correct. Besides that, if you use a wooden plank, the picture model 1.a. the edges of the right and left forefingers are easy to scratch and nail in the long term. Meanwhile, if the wooden crab is like the picture 1.b. can overcome the blisters of the master's fingers, because the right hand can hold the crab stalk well, and the weakness of the craftsman's driving force in the plan is not as strong as if he used the previous crab.
Metal-bodied crabs are modern crabs with standardized sizes, because the crab bodies are made by casting. The crab body is designed according to its function, for example: the length of the coarsely leveled crab is 14 inches by 2 inches wide, the length of the connection crab is 22 inches with a width of 23 /8 inches, the length of the smoothing crab is 8 to 8 inches. 10 inches by 2 inches wide. The adjustment of the metal body crab is easier than the wooden body crab, which is enough to use a screwdriver. So never adjust the metal planer using a hammer pay attention Gambar 1 following
Image 1. Example of Iron Hand Planes
(Source : Modul – 3 Konstruksi Kayu)
The iron crab has more complex components than the wooden crab, the main frame is made of iron, while the handle is usually still made of wood or plastic which is easier to shape and smoother. The placement of the crab eye positions is well planned and the crab sharpening thickness adjustment lever and the crab eye leveling adjustment lever are prepared properly and thoroughly. These crabs are easy to operate, require no hammer to adjust, but are heavier than wood crabs.
Types of crabs
Based on its function or use, sticky rice can be divided into several types, including the following:
- Straightening Crab
- Peeling Crab
- Smoothing crab
- Profile crab
- Sponging crab
- Crab Groove
- Curved crab
- Crab Konkaf (Round Face)
Wood Chisel
Chisels are very important wood-picking tools in bench work. The equipment is the main equipment for making joint gaps, punching holes and forming workpieces. Chisels and picks for cutting wood, making slits and punching holes must be struck with a hammer or mallet. The shape of the chisel tip is adjusted to the type of work and how it is used.
The chisel consists of 2 parts, namely the handle and the chisel leaf. The tool handle is made of hardwood and is protected against splitting by two metal grip rings. The chisel blade is made of special tool steel from the cut slope concavely sharpened at an angle between 250 and 300 (Image 1).
Main Parts of the Chisel
Chisels can basically be divided into two types, namely chisel stab and chisel hole. A skewer chisel is a chisel whose leaves are relatively thin and almost the same thickness as the tip with the top, the width varies according to the needs, but the standard chisel is in the range of 1-2 inches wide. This chisel is not prepared to be hit, but only pushed by hand or lightly hit with a wooden hammer.
The chisel's function is not to make holes, but to clean wood surfaces that have not been clean and tidy, either in the parts of the pen or the holes where construction connections are made. A punch chisel is a chisel used to make rectangular holes by hitting the chisel shaft with a wooden hammer, and it is not permissible to hit the chisel shaft with an iron hammer. This chisel has a characteristic thickness at the tip of the chisel is thinner than the base of the chisel. The goal is that when the chisel is hit to penetrate the wood, the leaf of the chisel will not bend. The standard shape of the chisel can be seen in the following figure: (Image 2).
Hole Chisel and Piercing Chisel
There are several types and shapes of hole chisels, namely: Slanted chisel, used for chiseling wide and deep holes (1” – 2” cut width). A chisel chisel, used for chiseling shallow holes (cut width “ to 2“) see picture (Gambar 3).
Hole Chisel Sharpening Angle
Straight-hole chisel, used for chiseling deep and narrow holes. The chisel leaves are thicker than they are wide (3/6" to 3/8") cut. The part of the hole-punch chisel is the same as that of the puncture chisel. There are several types and shapes of hole chisels, namely: Slanted chisel, used for chiseling wide and deep holes (1” – 2” cut width). A chisel chisel, used for chiseling shallow holes (cut width " to 2"). Straight-hole chisel, used for chiseling deep and narrow holes. The chisel leaves are thicker than they are wide (3/6" to 3/8") cut. The part of the hole-punch chisel is the same as that of the puncture chisel. As shown in the following figure (Figure 4).
Hole Chisel Sharpening Angle
Wooden Axe
The ax is one of the main tools of woodworking, initially a lot of woodwork required an ax, starting from splitting wood, removing certain parts of the wood block quickly before the pruning work began. Nowadays, the task of working with axes has begun to be replaced by many technologies and wooden tools with better working methods and results, so that the use of axes has begun to decrease. The following picture shows various models of wooden work axes (Image 1).
